The South Pole Of Jupiter

Jupiter's South Pole
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Betsy Asher Hall/Gervasio Robles

NASA’s Juno probe entered orbit around Jupiter a year ago, and has been gathering data ever since. Now the space agency is releasing spectacular images, such as this one showing Juptier’s south pole. It is a composite of several images, and shows multiple cyclones up to 600 miles in diameter raging around the pole.

From NASA:

Early science results from NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter portray the largest planet in our solar system as a complex, gigantic, turbulent world, with Earth-sized polar cyclones, plunging storm systems that travel deep into the heart of the gas giant, and a mammoth, lumpy magnetic field that may indicate it was generated closer to the planet’s surface than previously thought.

“We are excited to share these early discoveries, which help us better understand what makes Jupiter so fascinating,” said Diane Brown, Juno program executive at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “It was a long trip to get to Jupiter, but these first results already demonstrate it was well worth the journey.”

Juno launched on Aug. 5, 2011, entering Jupiter’s orbit on July 4, 2016. The findings from the first data-collection pass, which flew within about 2,600 miles (4,200 kilometers) of Jupiter’s swirling cloud tops on Aug. 27, are being published this week in two papers in the journal Science, as well as 44 papers in Geophysical Research Letters.

“We knew, going in, that Jupiter would throw us some curves,” said Scott Bolton, Juno principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. “But now that we are here we are finding that Jupiter can throw the heat, as well as knuckleballs and sliders. There is so much going on here that we didn’t expect that we have had to take a step back and begin to rethink of this as a whole new Jupiter.”

Among the findings that challenge assumptions are those provided by Juno’s imager, JunoCam. The images show both of Jupiter’s poles are covered in Earth-sized swirling storms that are densely clustered and rubbing together.

“We’re puzzled as to how they could be formed, how stable the configuration is, and why Jupiter’s north pole doesn’t look like the south pole,” said Bolton. “We’re questioning whether this is a dynamic system, and are we seeing just one stage, and over the next year, we’re going to watch it disappear, or is this a stable configuration and these storms are circulating around one another?”

Another surprise comes from Juno’s Microwave Radiometer (MWR), which samples the thermal microwave radiation from Jupiter’s atmosphere, from the top of the ammonia clouds to deep within its atmosphere. The MWR data indicates that Jupiter’s iconic belts and zones are mysterious, with the belt near the equator penetrating all the way down, while the belts and zones at other latitudes seem to evolve to other structures. The data suggest the ammonia is quite variable and continues to increase as far down as we can see with MWR, which is a few hundred miles or kilometers.

Prior to the Juno mission, it was known that Jupiter had the most intense magnetic field in the solar system. Measurements of the massive planet’s magnetosphere, from Juno’s magnetometer investigation (MAG), indicate that Jupiter’s magnetic field is even stronger than models expected, and more irregular in shape. MAG data indicates the magnetic field greatly exceeded expectations at 7.766 Gauss, about 10 times stronger than the strongest magnetic field found on Earth.

“Juno is giving us a view of the magnetic field close to Jupiter that we’ve never had before,” said Jack Connerney, Juno deputy principal investigator and the lead for the mission’s magnetic field investigation at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Already we see that the magnetic field looks lumpy: it is stronger in some places and weaker in others. This uneven distribution suggests that the field might be generated by dynamo action closer to the surface, above the layer of metallic hydrogen. Every flyby we execute gets us closer to determining where and how Jupiter’s dynamo works.”

Juno also is designed to study the polar magnetosphere and the origin of Jupiter’s powerful auroras—its northern and southern lights. These auroral emissions are caused by particles that pick up energy, slamming into atmospheric molecules. Juno’s initial observations indicate that the process seems to work differently at Jupiter than at Earth.

Juno is in a polar orbit around Jupiter, and the majority of each orbit is spent well away from the gas giant. But, once every 53 days, its trajectory approaches Jupiter from above its north pole, where it begins a two-hour transit (from pole to pole) flying north to south with its eight science instruments collecting data and its JunoCam public outreach camera snapping pictures. The download of six megabytes of data collected during the transit can take 1.5 days.

“Every 53 days, we go screaming by Jupiter, get doused by a fire hose of Jovian science, and there is always something new,” said Bolton. “On our next flyby on July 11, we will fly directly over one of the most iconic features in the entire solar system — one that every school kid knows — Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. If anybody is going to get to the bottom of what is going on below those mammoth swirling crimson cloud tops, it’s Juno and her cloud-piercing science instruments.”

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, manages the Juno mission for NASA. The principal investigator is Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. The Juno mission is part of the New Frontiers Program managed by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, in Denver, built the spacecraft.

More information on the Juno mission is available at:

https://www.nasa.gov/juno

http://missionjuno.org

As the New Horizons spacecraft approached Jupiter en route to Pluto in February 2007, Chandra took exposures of the gas giant. In this composite image, Chandra data from three separate observations were combined, and then superimposed on an optical image of Jupiter from the Hubble Space Telescope. The purpose of the Chandra observations is to study the powerful X-ray auroras observed near the poles of Jupiter.

 
 

Related:

The Hollow Earth: The Greatest Geographical Discovery In History Made By Admiral Richard E. Byrd

 
 
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A History Of Space Travel

The guys from Pop Chart Lab celebrate the history of space travel, from 1961 to present day.

A History Of Space Travel
Click to enlarge

Make some space on your wall for our second infographic foray into the final frontier! This timeline of crewed space missions maps out over 400 extraterrestrial expeditions, spanning 1961 to present day. From the inaugural space race of Vostok vs. Mercury to the famed Apollo program to the International Space Station, this giant leap of a chart features stellar annotations for each mission, including full-color illustrations of all spacesuits and spacecraft. A simply stunning celestial survey, this chronicling of cosmic voyages is sure to have starry-eyed enthusiasts totally over the moon.

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Joke Of The Day: Three Astronauts

Joke Of The Day: Three Astronauts Once upon a time NASA decided to send three astronauts to space for 2 years.

NASA allowed each of them to take 200 pounds of baggage each.

The first astronaut decided to take along his wife, the second decided to take along books to learn how to speak German, while the third astronaut decided to take along cigarettes.

Two years later, when the space shuttle landed, there was a big crowd waiting to welcome them home.

First came the first astronaut and his wife and each of them had a baby in their arms.

Next, out came the second astronaut speaking fluent German.

They both gave their speeches and got a rousing applause.

Suddenly out came the third astronaut with a cigarette in his mouth.

He walked up to the podium and snarled to the crowd and asked, ‘Has anyone got a friggin’ match?’

 

 

 

The Hollow Earth: The Greatest Geographical Discovery In History Made By Admiral Richard E. Byrd

The Hollow Earth: The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History Made by Admiral Richard E. Byrd in the Mysterious Land Beyond the Poles – The True Origin of the Flying Saucers

The Hollow Earth: The Greatest Geographical Discovery In History Made By Admiral Richard E. Byrd

Widely read and reprinted many times, Raymond Bernard’s book is considered by many to be the definitive treatise on the “Hollow Earth” theory. The book purports that the Earth has a hollow and habitable interior, with a small sun in place of a molten core, and is inhabited by a race of “Superhumans” who are the descendants of the exiled residents of the long lost continents of Atlantis and Lemuria. Bernard claimed that the true North and South poles had not yet been discovered, and that in their place are concave openings to the inner Earth.

Bernard quotes several diary entries and radio announcements by polar explorer Admiral Richard E. Byrd as being definitive proof for his theory that travel to the Earth’s interior was possible. Bernard claims that Byrd’s 1947 and 1956 expeditions took him “beyond the poles” into to a land of lush, green vegetation.

Bernard also popularized the theory that Atlantean inner-Earth beings invented flying saucers (or “vimanas”) many years ago, and were now visiting our realm.

From the original back cover copy for the book: Revealed! The Underground World of Supermen Discovered Under the North Pole!

Can you explain the following?

Why does one find tropical seeds, plants and trees floating in the fresh water of icebergs?
Why do millions of tropical birds and animals go farther north in the wintertime?
If it is not hollow and warm inside the Earth at the Poles, then why does colored pollen color the Earth for thousands of miles?
Why is it warmer at the Poles than 600 to 1000 miles away from them?
Why does the north wind in the Arctic get warmer as one sails north beyond 70° latitude?

On top of it all, Admiral Byrd is supposed to have made several journeys inside the earth by traveling through the holes in the poles.

Could there be anything to Bernard s bizarre claims?

The Hollow Earth: The Greatest Geographical Discovery In History Made By Admiral Richard E. Byrd

For your reading enjoyment!

DEDICATED

To the Future Explorers of the New World that exists beyond North and South Poles in the hollow interior of the Earth. Who will Repeat Admiral Byrd’s historic Flight for 1,700 Miles beyond the North Pole and that of his Expedition for 2,300 Miles beyond the South Pole, entering a New Unknown Territory not shown on any map, covering an immense land area whose total size is larger than North America, consisting of forests, mountains, lakes, vegetation and animal life.

The aviator who will be the first to reach this New Territory, unknown until Admiral Byrd first discovered it, will go down in history as a New Columbus and greater than Columbus, for while Columbus discovered a new continent, he will discover a New World.

by

Dr. R. W. Bernard, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.

1964

FIELDCREST PUBLISHING CO., INC.
210 Fifth Avenue, New York 10, N.Y.


Note: Author is deceased and publishing company defunct. Rights are not reserved.

The Hollow Earth

The Hollow Earth: The Bizarre 60s Classic
 

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74 Prominent Medical And NASA Scientists Have Been Killed In The Last Few Years

An unusually high number of Medical and NASA scientist deaths in recent years. What’s going on?
74 Prominent NASA Scientists Have Been Killed In The Last Few Years
NASA Scientist Alberto Behar died in a plane crash in January (2015) in Los Angeles – making a total of 74 Scientists dead in 2 years.

Alberto Behar helped prove that there had once been water on Mars. He worked on two missions to Mars and was also a robotics expert who researched how robots function in harsh environments (such as under water and inside volcanoes). The unusually high number of scientist deaths in recent years has made people question the suspicious nature of his death.

Behar was an expert pilot; he was a flight instructor for both planes and helicopters – the weather conditions were clear that day and for some reason his plane just started to lose altitude. The Van Nuys Airport pilot Kashif Khursheed said “I can’t see what would be the cause of something like this. He was very knowledgeable, competent and thorough.”

This is just one of the most recent cases of a prominent scientist’s suspicious death. Over the past few years 74 leading medical and NASA scientists have died, almost all are officially labelled suicide or an accident.

Glenn Thomas was a World Health Organisation spokesperson; he was reportedly an expert on Ebola and AIDS, he was aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 when it was shot down with approximately 100 other researchers.

Joep Lange, a leading AIDS researcher and former president of the International AIDS Society (IAS) was also aboard MH17. They were all on their way to an international AIDS conference. With one fell swoop a large portion of the leading AIDS experts were killed before they could attend a global conference.

Melissa Ketunuti, 35, was a pediatrician who specialized in cancer; she also worked on an AIDS fellowship in Botswana. She was hogtied and set on fire in the basement of her home in Philadelphia.

Dr Anne Szarewski, 53, was a cervical cancer expert. She pioneered the cervical cancer vaccine. Szarewski was found dead in her London home in December 2013. Her husband spent hours drilling through the front door that she had locked from the inside. When he found her she was dead. To this day no one knows what killed her. An inquiry into her death was launched but nothing conclusive was ever found.

Perhaps one of the most controversial scientist deaths in the last few years was that of Shane Truman Todd, 31. In June 2012 he was found dead in Singapore, he was an electrical engineer. He was working on a top-secret “one of a kind” machine for the Chinese that was believed to be a defense weapon. Shane told his family that he was not happy with what he was doing and he feared for his life, he was allegedly being asked to compromise U.S security. He quit his job and was due to leave China and fly home but died a week before his flight after his last day at work building this unknown machine. Foul play was suspected and his family began campaigning for the truth, Chinese official said they would look into the matter and try to determine if it was murder or suicide but as of yet there are no answers.

Shane Todd
Shane Truman Todd was an electrical engineer. He was working on a top-secret “one of a kind” machine for the Chinese when he turned up dead.

These are just a tiny fraction of the scientist that have died under suspicious circumstances. You can read about these and other mysterious scientist deaths by clicking here. All of these people were either leading medical experts or leading engineers. You have to ask what could they have known that would have led to their deaths? Or could it all simply be coincidence?

In a time where conspiracy is commonplace, it is increasingly difficult to differentiate between what could be a conspiracy and what is simply an unfortunate event. It is incredibly suspect why so many of these deaths are so odd. The people who were killed would have had access to sensitive information that government officials may not want disclosed.

 

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