Tag: WWI

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How Cats Saved Lives and Lifted Spirits in the Trenches of WWI

Discover how cats became the heroes and mascots of WWI, hunting rodents, detecting gas, and comforting soldiers in the trenches.

World War I was a brutal and bloody conflict that claimed millions of lives and left countless scars on the survivors. The soldiers who fought in the trenches faced unimaginable horrors: constant shelling, poison gas, disease, hunger, and rats.

But amid the darkness and despair, there was a glimmer of hope and comfort: cats. These furry friends served as loyal companions, brave hunters, and even life-saving detectors. In this article, we’ll explore how cats became the heroes and mascots of WWI.

Cats as Rodent Hunters

One of the biggest problems in the trenches was the infestation of rats and mice. These rodents fed on the corpses and food supplies, spread infections, and gnawed on the equipment and wires. They also tormented the soldiers with their squeaking and biting.

To combat this menace, the military deployed an estimated 500,000 cats to the front lines. These cats were trained or adopted by the soldiers, who provided them with food, water, and shelter. The cats, in turn, hunted down the rodents and kept them at bay.

The cats were so effective that they were sometimes rewarded with medals or promotions. For example, a black cat named Pepper was promoted to corporal by the Canadian troops for his outstanding service. Another cat, named Tom, received the Blue Cross medal for killing 300 rats in a single week.

Cats as Gas Detectors

Another danger that the soldiers faced was the use of chemical weapons, such as chlorine and mustard gas. These gases could cause severe damage to the lungs, eyes, and skin, and often resulted in death. The soldiers had to wear gas masks to protect themselves, but they were not always available or reliable.

That’s where the cats came in handy. Cats have a more sensitive respiratory system than humans, and they can detect the presence of gas before it becomes lethal. The soldiers would watch the cats for signs of distress, such as coughing, sneezing, or running away. If they saw the cats reacting, they would quickly put on their masks or seek cover.

Some cats even saved their owners’ lives by alerting them to gas attacks. One such cat was Pitouchi, who belonged to a Belgian soldier named Lieutenant Lekeux. Pitouchi was born in the trenches and stayed with Lekeux throughout the war. One day, Lekeux was hiding in a shell hole, sketching the enemy’s positions, when a German patrol spotted him. Pitouchi, who was scared by the noise, jumped out of the hole and drew the Germans’ attention. They fired two shots at him, but missed. Pitouchi then jumped back into the hole with Lekeux, who realized that the Germans had mistaken him for a rat. The Germans laughed and moved on, leaving Lekeux and Pitouchi unharmed.

Cats as Mascots and Pets

Beyond their practical roles, cats also served as symbols of hope and joy for the soldiers. The cats offered the soldiers a sense of companionship and normalcy in the midst of chaos and violence. The soldiers would pet, play, and cuddle with the cats, and share their rations and stories with them. The cats helped the soldiers cope with the stress and loneliness of war.

Many cats became the mascots of their units, and were given names, collars, and uniforms. Some cats even traveled across the battlefields with their owners, riding on their shoulders, helmets, or backpacks. The cats boosted the morale and spirit of the troops, and were often featured in photographs, letters, and newspapers.

Some cats also served as messengers of peace and friendship between the warring sides. During the famous Christmas Truce of 1914, when the soldiers from both sides exchanged greetings and gifts, some of them also tied messages around the cats’ collars and sent them across the no man’s land. The messages expressed their hopes for an end to the war and a better future.

Conclusion

Cats were more than just animals in WWI. They were heroes, friends, and allies. They helped the soldiers survive and endure the hardships of war, and they also brought them happiness and warmth. Cats were the perfect companions in the trenches of WWI.



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Chemical Weapons In World War I

Chemical Weapons In World War I

Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas, to lethal agents like phosgene, chlorine, and mustard gas. This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century. The killing capacity of gas was limited, with only about 90 thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.2 million casualties caused by gas attacks. Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop effective countermeasures, such as gas masks. In the later stages of the war, as the use of gas increased, its overall effectiveness diminished. The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare, and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives, gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as “the chemist’s war” and also the era where “weapons of mass destruction” were created.
The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which prohibited the use of “poison or poisoned weapons” in warfare.

 

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American History: Opha Mae Johnson

Opha Mae Johnson

Opha Mae Johnson (February 13, 1900 – January 1976) was the first woman to enlist in the United States Marine Corps. She joined the Marine Corps Reserve August 13, 1918.

By luck of being the first person in a line of 305 women waiting to enlist, Opha Mae Johnson of Kokomo, Indiana became the first woman to join the Marines in 1918. The Marines were looking to fill office and clerical roles in the States while all battle-ready male Marines were shipped to the frontlines of World War I. To help fill the vacancies, the Marines Corps opened enlistment to women for the first time–two years before women could even vote!

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Amusing Political

American History: Sergeant Stubby

Original caption: Washington, DC: Meet up with Stubby, a 9-year-old veteran of the canine species. He has been through the World War as mascot for the 102nd Infantry, 26th Division. Stubby visited the White House to call on President Coolidge. November 1924
“Sergeant Stubby” by Stubby: Terrier Hero of Georgetown. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons.

While training for combat on the fields of Yale University in 1917, Private J. Robert Conroy found a brindle puppy with a short tail. He named him “Stubby”, and soon the dog became the mascot of the 102nd Infantry, 26th Yankee Division. He learned the bugle calls, the drills, and even a modified dog salute as he put his right paw on his right eyebrow when a salute was executed by his fellow soldiers. Stubby had a positive effect on morale, and was allowed to remain in the camp, even though animals were forbidden. When the division shipped out for France aboard the SS Minnesota, Private Conroy smuggled Stubby aboard. Hidden in the coal bin until the ship was far at sea, Stubby was brought out on deck where the sailors were soon won over by the canine soldier. Stubby was once again smuggled off the ship and was soon discovered by Pvt. Conroy’s commanding officer. The CO allowed Stubby to remain after Stubby gave him a salute. When the Yankee Division headed for the front lines in France, Stubby was given special orders allowing him to accompany the Division to the front lines as their official mascot. The 102nd Infantry reached the front lines on the 5 February 1918. Stubby soon became accustomed to the loud rifles and heavy artillery fire. His first battle injury occurred from gas exposure; he was taken to a nearby field hospital and nursed back to health. The injury left him sensitive to the tiniest trace of gas. When the Division was attacked in an early morning gas launch, most of the troops were asleep. Stubby recognized the gas and ran through the trench barking and biting at the soldiers, rousing them to sound the gas alarm, saving many from injury. Stubby also had a talent for locating wounded men between the trenches of the opposing armies; he would listen for the sound of English and then go to the location, barking until paramedics arrived or leading the lost soldiers back to the safety of the trenches. He even caught a German soldier mapping out the layout of the Allied trenches. The soldier called to Stubby, but he put his ears back and began to bark. As the German ran, Stubby bit him on the legs, causing the soldier to trip and fall. He continued to attack the man until the United States soldiers arrived. For capturing an enemy spy, Stubby was put in for a promotion to the rank of Sergeant by the commander of the 102nd Infantry. He became the first dog to be given rank in the United States Armed Forces. Later, Stubby was injured during a grenade attack, receiving a large amount of shrapnel in his chest and leg. He was rushed to a field hospital and later transferred to a Red Cross Recovery Hospital for additional surgery. When Stubby became well enough to move around at the hospital, he visited wounded soldiers, boosting their morale. By the end of the war, Stubby had served in 17 battles. He led the American troops in a pass and review parade and later visited with President Woodrow Wilson. He visited the White House twice and met Presidents Harding and Coolidge. Stubby was awarded many medals for his heroism, including a medal from the Humane Society which was presented by General John Pershing, the Commanding General of the United States Armies. He was awarded a membership in the American Legion and the Y.M.C.A. When his master, J. Robert Conroy, began studying law at Georgetown University, Stubby became the mascot of the Georgetown Hoyas. He died in 1926.

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Amusing Information

The Death Of The Red Baron

A brilliant reconstitution of the last fight of Manfred Albrecht Freiherr “The Red Baron”.

Richthofen’s last flight – Cinematic Historical documentary (In game footage from the flight sim “Rise of Flight”).

The story is as factual as I can make it. The only known historical inaccuracies are:

1. Mellersh does claim a Triplane shot down that day, but it was in fact Wolff, and he didn’t “explode”, but returned home and landed safely after spinning towards the ground under Mellersh’s fire.

2. The two seaters depicted in game are not Albatros (as they should be) But DFW’s, not represented in game (yet!) The story should really have RE8’s too…

3. A few of the Jasta colours are incorrectly shown – they are “mixed and matched” to a degree to represent the “Flying Circus”.

The rest is, as it should be, as far as possible, but comments, suggestions towards the much disputed legend of Richthofen’s death are welcome! He was reported to have been pulled alive from the aircraft saying “Kaput”.. But this seems unlikely due to the nature of his wound.

The Red Baron - Manfred von Richthofen
Richthofen wears the Pour le Mérite, the “Blue Max”, Prussia’s highest military order, in this official portrait, c. 1917

 

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