A prescription from a pediatrician in 1962 for a cough
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Tag: Medicine
Scientists Successfully Reverse Alzheimer’s Disease In Mice
Researchers have made a major breakthrough in the war against Alzheimer’s disease after successfully reversing the condition in a study on mice.
A major breakthrough in the war against Alzheimer’s disease may pave the way for one of the most effective treatments to date. A team of scientists say they have successfully reversed the disease in mice. Many more trials, tests, and hours of research remain before their method can be tried on humans, but it’s an historic step in the right direction. The researchers, based at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, found that by gradually reducing an enzyme in the brain called BACE1, they reversed the formation of amyloid plaques in the brains of mice with Alzheimer’s disease, improving their cognitive function. The scientists hope that this research will eventually produce drugs aimed at this enzyme in human brains. “To our knowledge, this is the first observation of such a dramatic reversal of amyloid deposition in any study of Alzheimer’s disease mouse models,” says researcher Riqiang Yan in a news release by the Rockefeller University press. Alzheimer’s typically starts with the abnormal buildup of beta-amyloid peptides, which gather together and form amyloid plaques in the brain, restricting recall, memory, and other crucial brain functions. BACE1 helps produce beta-amyloid peptides. There are already drugs in experimental stages that target BACE1, but because the enzyme also serves many critical purposes in the brain, there are serious side effects that have cropped up in the research thus far. By selectively breeding mice, Yan and his team generated mice that lose their BACE1 as they grow older. Mice with no BACE1 whatsoever have been shown to develop severe neurological defects, but Yan found that by slowly reducing levels through time, the mice remained perfectly healthy. The researchers bred these mice with those that developed Alzheimer’s at 75 days old. The offspring showed signs of Alzheimer’s disease after 75 days, despite their BACE1 levels being 50% lower than normal. But, their amyloid plaques slowly disappeared until they vanished completely at ten months old. While the researchers noticed the absence of numerous telltale signs of Alzheimer’s disease, they also found that the rodents showed greater cognitive abilities after the removal of the enzyme. “Our study provides genetic evidence that preformed amyloid deposition can be completely reversed after sequential and increased deletion of BACE1 in the adult,” says Yan. “Our data show that BACE1 inhibitors have the potential to treat Alzheimer’s disease patients without unwanted toxicity. Future studies should develop strategies to minimize the synaptic impairments arising from significant inhibition of BACE1 to achieve maximal and optimal benefits for Alzheimer’s patients.” The complete study was published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine. |
How Aspirin Was Discovered
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4000 years ago, the ancient Sumerians made a surprising discovery: if they scraped the bark off a particular kind of tree and ate it, their pain disappeared. Little did they know that what they’d found was destined to influence the future course of medicine. Krishna Sudhir, of TED-Ed, traces the history of aspirin.
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The Color Of Feeling Better
A pill’s color can affect how it’s judged by patients, how it’s marketed, and even how well it works.
When you take a pill, it makes its way to your stomach where it eventually dissolves. The stuff the pill is made of (or for capsules and the like, the stuff inside the pill) makes its way into your bloodstream. Some cause chemical reactions which block pain, reduce swelling, open blood vessels, or which go to war against infections. Regardless, taking a pill — beyond putting it in your mouth and swallowing — doesn’t take much, if any, thinking. It just works on its own. Except that it doesn’t. Before we put the pills into our mouths, something happens: we look at what we’re taking. And, perhaps subconsciously, we notice something about the pill that shouldn’t matter: We see what color the pill is. The color of the pill shouldn’t affect how effective the pill is, of course — by and large, what a pill’s design is decided only after we determine the pill’s medicinal value. But, studies have shown — here’s one of many — that while we shouldn’t judge a pill by its cover, we can’t help ourselves. It’s a pretty standard example of the placebo effect — we already associate certain colors with certain moods, outcomes, etc., and those associations don’t disappear simply because the colored item is our medication. As a result, different colored pills thrive at reaching different medical goals. The Atlantic shares the basics of the color code:
And, as the Atlantic further explains, that color system isn’t universal — our cultural differences can have an impact:
The good news is that drug manufacturers are aware of this quirk of our consciousness and act accordingly. (That’s why you don’t often see black pills, which we’d associate with darkness, despair, and death.) It’s not foolproof, of course; there’s no way to account for how we, individually, associate colors with the world around us. But the only other solution is to take your pills without looking at them first, and that would be a very, very bad idea. |
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